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                <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline"> Python爬虫入门七之正则表达式 </h1>
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                <p>在前面我们已经搞定了怎样获取页面的内容，不过还差一步，这么多杂乱的代码夹杂文字我们怎样把它提取出来整理呢？下面就开始介绍一个十分强大的工具，正则表达式！</p>
                <h2 id="1-了解正则表达式"><a href="#1-了解正则表达式" class="headerlink" title="1.了解正则表达式"></a>1.了解正则表达式</h2>
                <blockquote>
                  <p>正则表达式是对字符串操作的一种逻辑公式，就是用事先定义好的一些特定字符、及这些特定字符的组合，组成一个“规则字符串”，这个“规则字符串”用来表达对字符串的一种过滤逻辑。</p>
                </blockquote>
                <p>正则表达式是用来匹配字符串非常强大的工具，在其他编程语言中同样有正则表达式的概念，Python同样不例外，利用了正则表达式，我们想要从返回的页面内容提取出我们想要的内容就易如反掌了。</p>
                <blockquote>
                  <p>正则表达式的大致匹配过程是： 1.依次拿出表达式和文本中的字符比较， 2.如果每一个字符都能匹配，则匹配成功；一旦有匹配不成功的字符则匹配失败。 3.如果表达式中有量词或边界，这个过程会稍微有一些不同。</p>
                </blockquote>
                <h2 id="2-正则表达式的语法规则"><a href="#2-正则表达式的语法规则" class="headerlink" title="2.正则表达式的语法规则"></a>2.正则表达式的语法规则</h2>
                <p>下面是Python中正则表达式的一些匹配规则，图片资料来自CSDN <a href="http://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/20130515113723855.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img src="http://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/20130515113723855-e1424095177180.png" alt="20130515113723855"></a></p>
                <h2 id="3-正则表达式相关注解"><a href="#3-正则表达式相关注解" class="headerlink" title="3.正则表达式相关注解"></a>3.正则表达式相关注解</h2>
                <h3 id="（1）数量词的贪婪模式与非贪婪模式"><a href="#（1）数量词的贪婪模式与非贪婪模式" class="headerlink" title="（1）数量词的贪婪模式与非贪婪模式"></a>（1）数量词的贪婪模式与非贪婪模式</h3>
                <p>正则表达式通常用于在文本中查找匹配的字符串。Python里数量词默认是贪婪的（在少数语言里也可能是默认非贪婪），总是尝试匹配尽可能多的字符；非贪婪的则相反，总是尝试匹配尽可能少的字符。例如：正则表达式”ab<em>“如果用于查找”abbbc”，将找到”abbb”。而如果使用非贪婪的数量词”ab</em>?”，将找到”a”。 注：我们一般使用非贪婪模式来提取。</p>
                <h3 id="（2）反斜杠问题"><a href="#（2）反斜杠问题" class="headerlink" title="（2）反斜杠问题"></a>（2）反斜杠问题</h3>
                <p>与大多数编程语言相同，正则表达式里使用”\“作为转义字符，这就可能造成反斜杠困扰。假如你需要匹配文本中的字符”\“，那么使用编程语言表示的正则表达式里将需要4个反斜杠”\\\\“：前两个和后两个分别用于在编程语言里转义成反斜杠，转换成两个反斜杠后再在正则表达式里转义成一个反斜杠。 Python里的原生字符串很好地解决了这个问题，这个例子中的正则表达式可以使用r”\\“表示。同样，匹配一个数字的”\\d”可以写成r”\d”。有了原生字符串，妈妈也不用担心是不是漏写了反斜杠，写出来的表达式也更直观勒。</p>
                <h2 id="4-Python-Re模块"><a href="#4-Python-Re模块" class="headerlink" title="4.Python Re模块"></a>4.Python Re模块</h2>
                <p>Python 自带了re模块，它提供了对正则表达式的支持。主要用到的方法列举如下</p>
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                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre>
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                        <pre><span class="line">#返回<span class="selector-tag">pattern</span>对象</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">re</span><span class="selector-class">.compile</span>(<span class="selector-tag">string</span><span class="selector-attr">[,flag]</span>)  </span><br><span class="line">#以下为匹配所用函数</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">re</span><span class="selector-class">.match</span>(<span class="selector-tag">pattern</span>, <span class="selector-tag">string</span><span class="selector-attr">[, flags]</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">re</span><span class="selector-class">.search</span>(<span class="selector-tag">pattern</span>, <span class="selector-tag">string</span><span class="selector-attr">[, flags]</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">re</span><span class="selector-class">.split</span>(<span class="selector-tag">pattern</span>, <span class="selector-tag">string</span><span class="selector-attr">[, maxsplit]</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">re</span><span class="selector-class">.findall</span>(<span class="selector-tag">pattern</span>, <span class="selector-tag">string</span><span class="selector-attr">[, flags]</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">re</span><span class="selector-class">.finditer</span>(<span class="selector-tag">pattern</span>, <span class="selector-tag">string</span><span class="selector-attr">[, flags]</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">re</span><span class="selector-class">.sub</span>(<span class="selector-tag">pattern</span>, <span class="selector-tag">repl</span>, <span class="selector-tag">string</span><span class="selector-attr">[, count]</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">re</span><span class="selector-class">.subn</span>(<span class="selector-tag">pattern</span>, <span class="selector-tag">repl</span>, <span class="selector-tag">string</span><span class="selector-attr">[, count]</span>)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>在介绍这几个方法之前，我们先来介绍一下pattern的概念，pattern可以理解为一个匹配模式，那么我们怎么获得这个匹配模式呢？很简单，我们需要利用re.compile方法就可以。例如</p>
                <figure class="highlight awk">
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                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">pattern = re.compile(<span class="string">r'hello'</span>)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>在参数中我们传入了原生字符串对象，通过compile方法编译生成一个pattern对象，然后我们利用这个对象来进行进一步的匹配。 另外大家可能注意到了另一个参数 flags，在这里解释一下这个参数的含义： 参数flag是匹配模式，取值可以使用按位或运算符’|’表示同时生效，比如re.I | re.M。 可选值有：</p>
                <figure class="highlight livescript">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">• re.I(全拼：IGNORECASE): 忽略大小写（括号内是完整写法，下同）</span><br><span class="line">• re.M(全拼：MULTILINE): 多行模式，改变<span class="string">'^'</span>和<span class="string">'$'</span>的行为（参见上图）</span><br><span class="line">• re.S(全拼：DOTALL): 点任意匹配模式，改变<span class="string">'.'</span>的行为</span><br><span class="line">• re.L(全拼：LOCALE): 使预定字符类 <span class="string">\w</span> <span class="string">\W</span> <span class="string">\b</span> <span class="string">\B</span> <span class="string">\s</span> <span class="string">\S</span> 取决于当前区域设定</span><br><span class="line">• re.U(全拼：UNICODE): 使预定字符类 <span class="string">\w</span> <span class="string">\W</span> <span class="string">\b</span> <span class="string">\B</span> <span class="string">\s</span> <span class="string">\S</span> <span class="string">\d</span> <span class="string">\D</span> 取决于unicode定义的字符属性</span><br><span class="line">• re.X(全拼：VERBOSE): 详细模式。这个模式下正则表达式可以是多行，忽略空白字符，并可以加入注释。</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>在刚才所说的另外几个方法例如 re.match 里我们就需要用到这个pattern了，下面我们一一介绍。</p>
                <blockquote>
                  <p>注：以下七个方法中的flags同样是代表匹配模式的意思，如果在pattern生成时已经指明了flags，那么在下面的方法中就不需要传入这个参数了。</p>
                </blockquote>
                <h3 id="（1）re-match-pattern-string-flags"><a href="#（1）re-match-pattern-string-flags" class="headerlink" title="（1）re.match(pattern, string[, flags])"></a>（1）re.match(pattern, string[, flags])</h3>
                <p>这个方法将会从string（我们要匹配的字符串）的开头开始，尝试匹配pattern，一直向后匹配，如果遇到无法匹配的字符，立即返回None，如果匹配未结束已经到达string的末尾，也会返回None。两个结果均表示匹配失败，否则匹配pattern成功，同时匹配终止，不再对string向后匹配。下面我们通过一个例子理解一下</p>
                <figure class="highlight python">
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                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br><span class="line">44</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">__author__ = <span class="string">'CQC'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#导入re模块</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> re</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 将正则表达式编译成Pattern对象，注意hello前面的r的意思是“原生字符串”</span></span><br><span class="line">pattern = re.compile(<span class="string">r'hello'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 使用re.match匹配文本，获得匹配结果，无法匹配时将返回None</span></span><br><span class="line">result1 = re.match(pattern,<span class="string">'hello'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">result2 = re.match(pattern,<span class="string">'helloo CQC!'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">result3 = re.match(pattern,<span class="string">'helo CQC!'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">result4 = re.match(pattern,<span class="string">'hello CQC!'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#如果1匹配成功</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">if</span> result1:</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"># 使用Match获得分组信息</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">print</span> result1.group()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">else</span>:</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">print</span> <span class="string">'1匹配失败！'</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#如果2匹配成功</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">if</span> result2:</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"># 使用Match获得分组信息</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">print</span> result2.group()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">else</span>:</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">print</span> <span class="string">'2匹配失败！'</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#如果3匹配成功</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">if</span> result3:</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"># 使用Match获得分组信息</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">print</span> result3.group()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">else</span>:</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">print</span> <span class="string">'3匹配失败！'</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#如果4匹配成功</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">if</span> result4:</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"># 使用Match获得分组信息</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">print</span> result4.group()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">else</span>:</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">print</span> <span class="string">'4匹配失败！'</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>运行结果</p>
                <figure class="highlight angelscript">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">hello</span><br><span class="line">hello</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">3</span>匹配失败！</span><br><span class="line">hello</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>匹配分析 1.第一个匹配，pattern正则表达式为’hello’，我们匹配的目标字符串string也为hello，从头至尾完全匹配，匹配成功。 2.第二个匹配，string为helloo CQC，从string头开始匹配pattern完全可以匹配，pattern匹配结束，同时匹配终止，后面的o CQC不再匹配，返回匹配成功的信息。 3.第三个匹配，string为helo CQC，从string头开始匹配pattern，发现到 ‘o’ 时无法完成匹配，匹配终止，返回None 4.第四个匹配，同第二个匹配原理，即使遇到了空格符也不会受影响。 我们还看到最后打印出了result.group()，这个是什么意思呢？下面我们说一下关于match对象的的属性和方法 Match对象是一次匹配的结果，包含了很多关于此次匹配的信息，可以使用Match提供的可读属性或方法来获取这些信息。</p>
                <blockquote>
                  <p>属性： 1.string: 匹配时使用的文本。 2.re: 匹配时使用的Pattern对象。 3.pos: 文本中正则表达式开始搜索的索引。值与Pattern.match()和Pattern.seach()方法的同名参数相同。 4.endpos: 文本中正则表达式结束搜索的索引。值与Pattern.match()和Pattern.seach()方法的同名参数相同。 5.lastindex: 最后一个被捕获的分组在文本中的索引。如果没有被捕获的分组，将为None。 6.lastgroup: 最后一个被捕获的分组的别名。如果这个分组没有别名或者没有被捕获的分组，将为None。 方法： 1.group([group1, …]): 获得一个或多个分组截获的字符串；指定多个参数时将以元组形式返回。group1可以使用编号也可以使用别名；编号0代表整个匹配的子串；不填写参数时，返回group(0)；没有截获字符串的组返回None；截获了多次的组返回最后一次截获的子串。 2.groups([default]): 以元组形式返回全部分组截获的字符串。相当于调用group(1,2,…last)。default表示没有截获字符串的组以这个值替代，默认为None。 3.groupdict([default]): 返回以有别名的组的别名为键、以该组截获的子串为值的字典，没有别名的组不包含在内。default含义同上。 4.start([group]): 返回指定的组截获的子串在string中的起始索引（子串第一个字符的索引）。group默认值为0。 5.end([group]): 返回指定的组截获的子串在string中的结束索引（子串最后一个字符的索引+1）。group默认值为0。 6.span([group]): 返回(start(group), end(group))。 7.expand(template): 将匹配到的分组代入template中然后返回。template中可以使用\id或\g、\g引用分组，但不能使用编号0。\id与\g是等价的；但\10将被认为是第10个分组，如果你想表达\1之后是字符’0’，只能使用\g0。</p>
                </blockquote>
                <p>下面我们用一个例子来体会一下</p>
                <figure class="highlight python">
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                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#一个简单的match实例</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> re</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 匹配如下内容：单词+空格+单词+任意字符</span></span><br><span class="line">m = re.match(<span class="string">r'(\w+) (\w+)(?P&lt;sign&gt;.*)'</span>, <span class="string">'hello world!'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">print</span> <span class="string">"m.string:"</span>, m.string</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">print</span> <span class="string">"m.re:"</span>, m.re</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">print</span> <span class="string">"m.pos:"</span>, m.pos</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">print</span> <span class="string">"m.endpos:"</span>, m.endpos</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">print</span> <span class="string">"m.lastindex:"</span>, m.lastindex</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">print</span> <span class="string">"m.lastgroup:"</span>, m.lastgroup</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">print</span> <span class="string">"m.group():"</span>, m.group()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">print</span> <span class="string">"m.group(1,2):"</span>, m.group(<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">2</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">print</span> <span class="string">"m.groups():"</span>, m.groups()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">print</span> <span class="string">"m.groupdict():"</span>, m.groupdict()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">print</span> <span class="string">"m.start(2):"</span>, m.start(<span class="number">2</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">print</span> <span class="string">"m.end(2):"</span>, m.end(<span class="number">2</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">print</span> <span class="string">"m.span(2):"</span>, m.span(<span class="number">2</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">print</span> <span class="string">r"m.expand(r'\g \g\g'):"</span>, m.expand(<span class="string">r'\2 \1\3'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">### output ###</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># m.string: hello world!</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># m.re: </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># m.pos: 0</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># m.endpos: 12</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># m.lastindex: 3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># m.lastgroup: sign</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># m.group(1,2): ('hello', 'world')</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># m.groups(): ('hello', 'world', '!')</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># m.groupdict(): &#123;'sign': '!'&#125;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># m.start(2): 6</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># m.end(2): 11</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># m.span(2): (6, 11)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># m.expand(r'\2 \1\3'): world hello!</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <h3 id="（2）re-search-pattern-string-flags"><a href="#（2）re-search-pattern-string-flags" class="headerlink" title="（2）re.search(pattern, string[, flags])"></a>（2）re.search(pattern, string[, flags])</h3>
                <p>search方法与match方法极其类似，区别在于match()函数只检测re是不是在string的开始位置匹配，search()会扫描整个string查找匹配，match（）只有在0位置匹配成功的话才有返回，如果不是开始位置匹配成功的话，match()就返回None。同样，search方法的返回对象同样match()返回对象的方法和属性。我们用一个例子感受一下</p>
                <figure class="highlight python">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#导入re模块</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> re</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 将正则表达式编译成Pattern对象</span></span><br><span class="line">pattern = re.compile(<span class="string">r'world'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 使用search()查找匹配的子串，不存在能匹配的子串时将返回None</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 这个例子中使用match()无法成功匹配</span></span><br><span class="line">match = re.search(pattern,<span class="string">'hello world!'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">if</span> match:</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"># 使用Match获得分组信息</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">print</span> match.group()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">### 输出 ###</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># world</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <h3 id="（3）re-split-pattern-string-maxsplit"><a href="#（3）re-split-pattern-string-maxsplit" class="headerlink" title="（3）re.split(pattern, string[, maxsplit])"></a>（3）re.split(pattern, string[, maxsplit])</h3>
                <p>按照能够匹配的子串将string分割后返回列表。maxsplit用于指定最大分割次数，不指定将全部分割。我们通过下面的例子感受一下。</p>
                <figure class="highlight clean">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> re</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">pattern = re.compile(r<span class="string">'\d+'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">print re.split(pattern,<span class="string">'one1two2three3four4'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">### 输出 ###</span><br><span class="line"># [<span class="string">'one'</span>, <span class="string">'two'</span>, <span class="string">'three'</span>, <span class="string">'four'</span>, <span class="string">''</span>]</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <h3 id="（4）re-findall-pattern-string-flags"><a href="#（4）re-findall-pattern-string-flags" class="headerlink" title="（4）re.findall(pattern, string[, flags])"></a>（4）re.findall(pattern, string[, flags])</h3>
                <p>搜索string，以列表形式返回全部能匹配的子串。我们通过这个例子来感受一下</p>
                <figure class="highlight python">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> re</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">pattern = re.compile(<span class="string">r'\d+'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">print</span> re.findall(pattern,<span class="string">'one1two2three3four4'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">### 输出 ###</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># ['1', '2', '3', '4']</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <h3 id="（5）re-finditer-pattern-string-flags"><a href="#（5）re-finditer-pattern-string-flags" class="headerlink" title="（5）re.finditer(pattern, string[, flags])"></a>（5）re.finditer(pattern, string[, flags])</h3>
                <p>搜索string，返回一个顺序访问每一个匹配结果（Match对象）的迭代器。我们通过下面的例子来感受一下</p>
                <figure class="highlight python">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> re</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">pattern = re.compile(<span class="string">r'\d+'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> m <span class="keyword">in</span> re.finditer(pattern,<span class="string">'one1two2three3four4'</span>):</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">print</span> m.group(),</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">### 输出 ###</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 1 2 3 4</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <h3 id="（6）re-sub-pattern-repl-string-count"><a href="#（6）re-sub-pattern-repl-string-count" class="headerlink" title="（6）re.sub(pattern, repl, string[, count])"></a>（6）re.sub(pattern, repl, string[, count])</h3>
                <p>使用repl替换string中每一个匹配的子串后返回替换后的字符串。 当repl是一个字符串时，可以使用\id或\g、\g引用分组，但不能使用编号0。 当repl是一个方法时，这个方法应当只接受一个参数（Match对象），并返回一个字符串用于替换（返回的字符串中不能再引用分组）。 count用于指定最多替换次数，不指定时全部替换。</p>
                <figure class="highlight python">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> re</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">pattern = re.compile(<span class="string">r'(\w+) (\w+)'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">s = <span class="string">'i say, hello world!'</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">print</span> re.sub(pattern,<span class="string">r'\2 \1'</span>, s)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">func</span><span class="params">(m)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> m.group(<span class="number">1</span>).title() + <span class="string">' '</span> + m.group(<span class="number">2</span>).title()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">print</span> re.sub(pattern,func, s)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">### output ###</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># say i, world hello!</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># I Say, Hello World!</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <h3 id="（7）re-subn-pattern-repl-string-count"><a href="#（7）re-subn-pattern-repl-string-count" class="headerlink" title="（7）re.subn(pattern, repl, string[, count])"></a>（7）re.subn(pattern, repl, string[, count])</h3>
                <p>返回 (sub(repl, string[, count]), 替换次数)。</p>
                <figure class="highlight python">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> re</span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line">pattern = re.compile(<span class="string">r'(\w+) (\w+)'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">s = <span class="string">'i say, hello world!'</span></span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">print</span> re.subn(pattern,<span class="string">r'\2 \1'</span>, s)</span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">func</span><span class="params">(m)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> m.group(<span class="number">1</span>).title() + <span class="string">' '</span> + m.group(<span class="number">2</span>).title()</span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">print</span> re.subn(pattern,func, s)</span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">### output ###</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># ('say i, world hello!', 2)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># ('I Say, Hello World!', 2)</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <h2 id="5-Python-Re模块的另一种使用方式"><a href="#5-Python-Re模块的另一种使用方式" class="headerlink" title="5.Python Re模块的另一种使用方式"></a>5.Python Re模块的另一种使用方式</h2>
                <p>在上面我们介绍了7个工具方法，例如match，search等等，不过调用方式都是 re.match，re.search的方式，其实还有另外一种调用方式，可以通过pattern.match，pattern.search调用，这样调用便不用将pattern作为第一个参数传入了，大家想怎样调用皆可。 函数API列表</p>
                <figure class="highlight vim">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">match</span>(<span class="built_in">string</span>[, pos[, endpos]]) | re.<span class="keyword">match</span>(pattern, <span class="built_in">string</span>[, flags])</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">search</span>(<span class="built_in">string</span>[, pos[, endpos]]) | re.<span class="built_in">search</span>(pattern, <span class="built_in">string</span>[, flags])</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">split</span>(<span class="built_in">string</span>[, maxsplit]) | re.<span class="keyword">split</span>(pattern, <span class="built_in">string</span>[, maxsplit])</span><br><span class="line">findall(<span class="built_in">string</span>[, pos[, endpos]]) | re.findall(pattern, <span class="built_in">string</span>[, flags])</span><br><span class="line">finditer(<span class="built_in">string</span>[, pos[, endpos]]) | re.finditer(pattern, <span class="built_in">string</span>[, flags])</span><br><span class="line">sub(repl, <span class="built_in">string</span>[, <span class="built_in">count</span>]) | re.sub(pattern, repl, <span class="built_in">string</span>[, <span class="built_in">count</span>])</span><br><span class="line">subn(repl, <span class="built_in">string</span>[, <span class="built_in">count</span>]) |re.sub(pattern, repl, <span class="built_in">string</span>[, <span class="built_in">count</span>])</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>具体的调用方法不必详说了，原理都类似，只是参数的变化不同。小伙伴们尝试一下吧~ 小伙伴们加油，即使这一节看得云里雾里的也没关系，接下来我们会通过一些实战例子来帮助大家熟练掌握正则表达式的。 参考文章：此文章部分内容出自 <a href="http://www.cnblogs.com/huxi/archive/2010/07/04/1771073.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CNBlogs</a></p>
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